Ciprofloxacin resistance is an increasing problem, especially in the and.
Interchangeability of vaccines Although there are no data regarding the interchangeability of typhoid vaccines, it is presumed that boosting can be performed with any of the available formulations, regardless of the vaccine used initially.
The oral vaccine is effective for seven years, and the injectable vaccines require a booster shot every three years.
The highest case fatality rates are reported in children under 4.
Common adverse events include: fever, malaise, nausea, diarrhea and dizziness.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.