Notable exceptions include the massacre of Jews and forcible conversion of some Jews by the rulers of the dynasty in in the 12th century, as well as in , and the forced confinement of Moroccan Jews to walled quarters known as beginning from the 15th century and especially in the early 19th century.
In his book Basic Judaism, Rabbi Milton Steinberg notes that the word Judaism has two distinct meanings.
According to , fourth edition 2000 , It is widely recognized that the attributive use of the noun Jew, in phrases such as Jew lawyer or Jew ethics, is both vulgar and highly offensive.