The Treaty of Nanking opened five ports to British traders, instead of requiring them all to trade at Canton.
Negotiations By order of the emperor, trade with the British was resumed, the struggle against opium was stopped, and Lin Zexu, who was made a scapegoat, was removed from his posts, and later sent into exile.
The Europeans found ways to open up trade with China and Japan in spite of opposition in each country by forcing them with war or with the threat of war.